Floods in India and Its Control Essay

Nations flooded by a satisfactory stream framework are from numerous points of view favored. These streams help agribusiness, however they give a modest and effective vehicle framework for the improvement of interior exchange. The maxim goesland isolates, oceans join together. In any case, conduits bring additionally a decent arrangement of wretchedness to the individuals by causing annihilating occasional floods In India, for instance, the sub-Himalayan locales of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Assam are vigorously overflowed by the waterways of the Gengetic bowl and the Brahmaputra, pretty much every blustery season. It carries untold sufferings to the individuals of these low-lying fields. Millions are rendered destitute; men and steers kick the bucket in huge numbers; the harm to property including standing yields is inestimable. Moreover, floods influence the soundness of the territory and increment the frequency of cholera, typhoid and other water-borne illnesses. In 1922 and 1998 flood in North Bengal left a path of annihilation, basically in Malda, Murshidabad regions. Floods are brought about by an inordinate progression of water in streams during the blustery seasons, due mostly to heavy rain in catchment zones. This might be because of two characteristic causes. To begin with, the liquefying of ice in ice sheet on the mountains may in this manner gracefully a stream with volumes of water much in abundance of its containing and conveying limit. Also, overwhelming downpours on the mountains cause an abundance of water flexibly. In either case, the abundance water floods the banks and lowers the low-lying fields. Blasting of dams and furthermore Bridges in defensive dikes lead to immersion. This causes enormous scope deforestation. As, in the Terai districts during the war, floods obliterated the common banks of a waterway. At times quakes, by changing the course of a waterway, or by raising its bowl or gagging and silting the riverbed cause flood Another contributory reason is the development of railroad spans without leaving arrangement for the regular surge of rising water. Obviously, floods in a farming nation have frequently been viewed as a surprisingly positive turn of events. Floods desert on the lowered regions a rich alluvial or sediment store, which extraordinarily expands the richness of the dirt. This dirt on either side of the Nile owes its richness to the yearly flooding of the territory, which lowers huge districts, significantly after the development of Aswan Dam in Egypt. Nehru used to saygive unto the waterway what normally has a place with her, I. e. residences ought not be based on riversides or on transitory scorch lands. That is a certain preventive measure, better than steps to oppose delayed consequences. Men have attempted from the soonest times to assemble defensive dikes against the frequency of floods. Conventionally these can be made adequately solid to oppose the standard kind of floods. An arrangement of waterways to inundate the low-lying fields manages significant departure course for the overabundance water brought about by an ordinary precipitation. In any case, these dikes ought to must be looked after appropriately. Present day stream designing and hydro-elements, in any case, have prompted a major change in the guideline. It is currently understood that viable control of flood should start at the source. Flood control, along these lines, in nowadays has moved upstream. This remembers the structure of sufficient supplies for the head stream zone and the use of the rule of multipurpose waterway control. The structure of an adequate number of supplies is a since quite a while ago drawn and expensive procedure. Open slant may not warmly embrace it; for it fundamentally causes huge scope relocation of populace as has been seen in the Narmada Banchao development of Sm. Patakar. For restraining the tempestuous Damodar, the age-long Ëœriver of distress, by developing the Tilaya, Mython and different dams over her, numerous Bihar townspeople must be moved, and this was not preferred by the neighborhood populace. The future, presumably, has a place with effective working of multi-reason plans. So insignificant complaints, raised by individual or nearby intrigue, must give path before the bigger needs of the individuals. Lately, the stormy season has brought substantial floods up and down the sub-Himalayan fields. The flood of the tributaries of the Ganges and the Bramhaputra has made untold sufferings the individuals of these regions. Banks have been broken, spans have been washed away; towns have been waterlogged, removing all interchanges for quite a long time together. The most extreme harm has been caused to the towns and towns of Assam by the Brahmaputra floods. The legislature must set up defensive dikes; help the simple waste of water by expelling counterfeit hindrances, and by embracing nearby solutions for specific areas. It has been properly stated, Å"Rivers that overtop their banks and flood the neighboring marshes offer a test to the individuals who must be prepared to shield their fields from immersion. Å"

Buenos Aries essays

Buenos Aries papers The capital of the nation, Buenos Aires is additionally Argentina's driving city in populace, trade, and industry. It is situated close to the Atlantic Ocean coast, on the wide Rã ­o de la Plata, an estuary at the mouth of the Paran and Paraguay waterways. The early Spanish settlers named the city for the great breezes that carried them to the port. Today around 10 million individuals live in the Buenos Aires metropolitan territory, one of the biggest on the planet. The city appropriate makes up a government locale, and its chairman is delegated by the country's leader. The city isn't a piece of Buenos Aires region, which encompasses it. More prominent Buenos Aires is comprised of numerous settlements that became together. The most seasoned European place lay in the area of the current Plaza de Mayo, a huge square in the midtown zone. Boulevards in the city were spread out as indicated by a network design portrayed in the Cdigo de las Indias, an authoritative archive followed by the Spaniards in settling the Western Hemisphere. The first matrix is today encircled by Balcarce, 25 de Mayo, Viamonte, Libertad, Salta, and Estados Unidos roads. Development of the city initially followed the high rises, along which bull and pony drawn two-wheeled carretas conveyed cargo and which the cutting edge principle roads and the rail lines likewise follow. The latest improvements in the city are the mechanical segments that stretch out from the old place southward, for example, Dock Sud, La Boca, Barracas, Pinero, and Lanã ºs. The Paran River assumes a significant job in the life of Buenos Aires. Oranges, grapefruit, fruits, plums, and vegetables are brought up in its delta zone. Excursion lodging is far reaching, and on ends of the week a huge number of individuals fill the region to participate in recreational exercises. The Paran gives diversion, yet in addition connects the hinterlands with Buenos Aires and supplies water to the populace. ... <!

The List List #52

The List List #52 at The Hugo Awards, 2013 Nominees at Huffington Post  Books, 17 Body Facts from Mary Roachs GULP at LitStack, Staff Pick  Favorite Shakespeare  Characters at LitReactor, 6 Types of Poems to Banish Writers Block at  Flavorwire, References to David Foster Wallace on Last Weeks Parks and Recreation at Melville House, 5 Writers on Margaret Thatcher (and 5 Songs Inspired by Her) at PWxyz,The 10 Best Small Towns in  Books at The Chicago Tribunes Printers Row, New  Books About Baseball at The Guardian, 10 Best  Books About Grieving at Virginia Quarterly Review, 5 Book Designers on Books That  Inspire Them at Publishers Weekly, The Bestselling  Books of 2013 So Far at The Mary Sue,  World War Z Fan Posters _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

The Slavery Of African Slave Trade - 1039 Words

When we are so caught up in the moment it is hard to see the larger picture. We get excited and momentum starts to speed up, but this excitement and momentum blinds us from the feelings of others. This is exactly what happened with the practiced slavery that took place in Africa. Slavery included stripping humans of their identities and classifying them as property, forcing them to obey their masters. The slaves had no rights and humanity had fled their thinking. Some even claimed slaves to be aliens even though they were not. Slave’s masters could do what ever they pleased with the slaves including, making them do their dirty work, striking them whenever they pleased and abusing their slave sexually. The slave had no defense and responding to any violent act committed against them would amplify aggression causing the master to strike the perpetrator. The idea of someone taking complete control over another equal human makes many sick and today this is viewed as something terr ible, unjust, unethical and corrupt. The African slave trade should not have been something looked to as socially or morally acceptable. It crushed lives by stripping them from their freedom and replacing them with violence, it brought sorrow to families in the separation and destruction process and it brought lose to basic human rights. As humans we tend to get caught up in this daily routine that is not necessarily a bad thing. Some people get caught in this and succeed. But now imagine being inShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of The African Slave Trade1280 Words   |  6 PagesBritish slave trading begun in the late sixteenth century and grew remarkably during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As a woman in society, she faced challenges herself; however, she addressed the humanity of slaves as human beings and not by the color of their skin. She believed that â€Å"non whites† were equal to â€Å"whites† and deserved the same human rights. She wrote her famous piece, â€Å"Slavery, a Poem† during the abolitionist movement to persuade others to partake in the anti-slavery campaignRead MoreSlavery And The African Slave Trade1449 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I think of the African slave trade, I realize that over 10 million people were removed from that continent in less than 500 years. Some s cholars believe it may be as large a number as 20 million. I would like to pose a few questions and attempt to answer them in this collection of writings and opinions. The evidence and historical documents will show some of the economic and social impacts the Slave Trade had on the African continent. Slavery has been around for the vast majority of human historyRead MoreAfrican Slavery And The Slave Trade Essay1795 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Slavery is the legalized economic activity under which people, especially the natives of a land, are treated as property by colonizers like the Spanish. Slavery was a system that lasted for many years before it was abolished and the Africans as well as the Indians went through a lot of suffering upon the hands of their masters. The slaves were meant to perform duties such as cultivation of the plantations, domestic chores and even mining activities and were on the constant watch ofRead MoreThe European Slave Trade And Intra African Slavery1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe European slave trade and intra-African slavery began with different intentions and goals held in mind. Although, they also shared similar aspects and ideals shown through how they functioned and were run. Intra- African slavery began before the European slave trade came to exist; this unpopular fact shows the beginning of such a gruesome and detrimental act began by the people of Africa, which, later in time, is what fuels and strengthens the European slave trade. African slaves were once capturedRead MoreThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Slavery on African Society Slavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early slavery within Africa was a common practice in many societies, and was very central to the country’s economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two groups of non-African slave traders significantly altered the traditional African forms of slavery that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now being forced to leave theRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Slavery1520 Words   |  7 Pages Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property. The people in the time of Renaissance enslaved people to use them as labourers and or do other types of labour. Should that be the reason of our change of knowledge towards slaves and how we perceive them. A slave is a human being or an â€Å"animal† (The Mission) classified as property and who is forced to work for nothing (The Abolition of Slavery Project, October 11, 2014). The word Slavery has a bitter taste flowing off the tongue.Read MoreAfrican American Slavery And The New World Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesfortunate which at the time beingbwere africans. These laborers brung unimaginable wealth to empires but were treated as objects and their entire life were in the hands of their buyers. Its not clear exactly how and why something so cruel such as taking someones like and belittling it for labor reasons could have happened for so long. With my class notes and leads from the textbook it seems thst the forces tgat best explain the emergence of african American slavery in the new world colonies of WesternRead MoreLEQ1206 Words   |  5 Pagestime period prior to the development of the Atlantic slave trade and the time period right after its introduction and assess the impact of its emergence. To what extent did African slavery change American society? You may want to consider social, economic, and geographical. Prior to the Atlantic slave trade, the arable land along the South Atlantic seaboard were owned by wealth landowners and farmed primarily by either Native American slaves or white indentured servants. Beginning in the late 16thRead MoreEssay on The Atlantic Slave Trade921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade The changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that slavery was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal slavery existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. HoweverRead MoreEssay on Trans Atlantic Slave Trade1105 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 7, 2006 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Slavery originated from Africa after the Bantu migrations spread agricultural to all parts of the continent. Africans would buy slaves to enlarge their families and have more power. Also, they would buy slaves in order to sell them to make a profit. It then spread out from Africa to Portugal and was said, it is estimated that during the four and a half centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting

The Essential Preparation For Life And Career - 1597 Words

Ancient and medieval authors believed that the seven liberal arts were propaedeutic to the study of all topics and matters. Their belief remains evident in our school systems, as many universities and colleges focus on providing a liberal arts education. In fact, the Dedman College at Southern Methodist University mentions the importance of a liberal arts education in their mission statement, as it is the â€Å"essential preparation for life and career†. The understanding of the seven liberal arts inspires a broader and more focused study of materials often discussed in classes. Five of the seven liberal arts can be directly applied to the study of Rural Matters. An understanding of geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy is essential in gaining a deeper capacity for Rural Matters. Through Isidore of Seville’s Etymologies, we gain the understanding that without logic and grammar we would not be able to appropriately discuss rural matters. Isidore of Seville begins book seventeen of Etymologies, as he normally does, with the author and creator of the topic at hand. Isidore of Seville acknowledges the uncertainty of the creator by listing the different possibilities. According to the Greeks, Hesiod of Boeotia was the first to make skill in writing on rural matters a part of the liberal education. According to the Romans, Cato was the first to treat agriculture, Marcus Terence was the first to refine its study and Vergil exalted it with the skill of his poetry (PAGE). Isidore explainsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Fiction The Outliers 1629 Words   |  7 Pagesanswering the unit’s essential question: How much of what happens in our lives do we actually control, Gladwell most convincingly answers this question in his nonfiction story, â€Å"The Outliers† through forging his concrete argument through many different sources of credible evidence. On the other hand, in Epstein’s nonfiction text,  "The Sport’s Gene†, taking the opposing side, he answers the question in a less efficient way than Gladwell making his argument on the unit’s essential question less convincingRead MoreShould College Be For College?929 Words   |  4 Pagesinstances; â€Å"are people going to college to gain knowledge or for a good paying job?†, â€Å"with today s technology is a degree essential to ones life?† and â€Å" is school meant for everyone?† Education has a lot of connotations behind it which causes debates. The American society and students should be for college degrees because it expands academic knowledge, global exposure, and career preparation. The first reason is college is a place where people should go to gain knowledge, not just to focus on getting aRead More Child Psychology: A Difficult Career Essay502 Words   |  3 Pagesyou do doctor?† The psychologist’s heart is breaking with every tear shed from the young child’s big eyes. 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But in today’s worldRead MoreEngaged Couples Should Be Required to Take Marriage Preparation Classes for One Full Year before Their Wedding1018 Words   |  5 Pagesto family life and the responsibility costs expensive enough. I t may end in health loss, broken destiny, children without a father. This research is devoted to the importance of marriage preparation classes for one full year before wedding. Profession and marriage are often called the most important indicators of living conditions and well-being. But if you can master the profession for several years, preparing for the role of husband and wife over a short time is impossible. Preparation for marriageRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pages This task theory can be examined using the normative crisis model. The knowledge of developmental tasks of the young adult can be beneficial to the nurse especially associated with their ability to relate to the young adult. 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Qualnet Free Essays

string(59) " packets to Exponential and change the Mean Interval to 0\." QualNet 5. 0 Tutorial (ELEC 6851) Part 1: Installation TODO: I would recommend getting AITS to provide the installation instructions as I’m sure the license restrictions will determine how/where QualNet gets installed. Part 2: The QualNet 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualnet or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 Developer The QualNet Developer IDE is a GUI program for developing network scenarios that comes with QualNet 5. 0. It can be used to visually design network scenarios and then run simulations of these networks. Although networks can be designed and simulated in a command-line fashion as well, we will focus on the Developer IDE package. The first step is to open the Developer IDE program. Depending on the installation procedure, it can be opened via the start menu or by opening the directory where QualNet was installed. Double-click on the â€Å"QualNet Developer 5. 0. 1† icon on the desktop (this option is available only if you chose to install desktop shortcuts during installation). Part 3: Setting Up a Network – Basics The first task is to create a new network scenario. To do this, go to the File Menu -New. Save it in your local folder: File Menu -Save. Choose the local directory where you want to save the scenario. Enter a name for the new scenario (for example, â€Å"Example1†). Click Save. A grid should appear in the right hand window (see Fig 1). This is where we will deploy the nodes and create network connections. The left hand window has four panels: File System, Toolset, Visualization Control and Runtime Analysis (Toolset panel open). 1 Figure 1: A new scenario has just been created. To setup our first network, we will proceed by a simple example of a 15 node wireless network that accesses the channel using the CSMA/CA scheme defined by the 802. 11 protocol. The first step in creating a network is to deploy the nodes. This is done in the right hand window, the so-called Canvas Area. Nodes can be deployed manually according to an arbitrary topology by selecting Toolset - Device - Default (just a generic node), then clicking anywhere on the canvas area. In adhoc networking scenarios it is often assumed that the nodes are deployed randomly on the terrain and we will assume random deployment in this example. To randomly deploy the nodes we go to the Tool menu - Node Placement. The Automatic Node Placement Wizard will open (see Fig. 2). Figure 2: Node placement 2 We then enter the desired number of nodes we would like in our network. Node Placement Strategy: Random. It then asks for a seed value for the random number generator (leave it blank). Click OK. The Placement Wizard will close and the nodes will be deployed randomly on the grid in the Scenario Designer window (see Fig. 3). Location of a node may be changed by left clicking the mouse on the arrow button then left clicking it on the node and dragging it to the desired location. Figure 3: Random node deployment We now want to add these nodes to a wireless network. The first step is to select the nodes we wish to add to the wireless network. To do this we can use the selection tools (arrow or lasso in the View Toolbar). Select all of the nodes by using either of the selection tools and left clicking and dragging the mouse around the nodes. To connect these nodes to a wireless network, select Toolset - Network Components - Wireless Network. Now click anywhere on the area you selected earlier. A cloud should appear on the canvas area representing this wireless network and the nodes should be joined to this cloud with blue lines representing the newly formed wireless connections (see Fig. 4). 3 Figure 4: The nodes connected to the wireless network. Part 3a: Creation of Application Layer Connections After setting up the network, the next step is creation of application layer connections between the nodes. At any time, there may be several connections active simultaneously in the network. Each connection will have a source and a destination node. The source node generates traffic and transmits to a destination node. Let us create a connection between nodes 3 (source) and 4 (destination), Selection of the source node: Left click the mouse over the arrow selection tool and then left click it over the device symbol for node 3, the color of number 3 should turn to red. Next select a traffic source, the available pre-defined applications such as CBR (Constant Bit Rate), VBR (Variable Bit Rate), FTP Generic, VOIP, and Traffic-Gen are listed in the left window under the heading -Applications. We note that Traffic-Gen generates UDP traffic while FTP Generic generates TCP traffic. Let us select the Traffic Generator button mouse over it. by left clicking the – Creation of the connection: Now left click the mouse over node 3, hold, and drag it to node 4. When the mouse is released over node 4, a green arrow pointing from node 3 to node 4 will appear. This creates a basic Traffic Generation application between the nodes 3 and 4 as source and destination respectively. The next step is to choose the parameter values of this connection: Let us create a Poisson process of data packets at the source and make the packet length exponentially distributed. To do this, click Table View on the bottom of the right window, and select the Application tab. You should see the connection Traffic-Gen 3-4 listed. Double click the connection. A window of Traffic Generator Properties will show up (Fig. 5). Click on the 4 – Packet Size. Recall, we want the packet lengths to be exponentially distributed with mean packet length 2048 bytes. The default size is deterministically set to 512 bytes. Change the Data Size from Deterministic to Exponential. Then change the Mean Size to 2048 bytes. To make the source generate traffic according to a Poisson process, click on Interval from the Traffic Type menu for this connection. By default traffic is generated deterministically every 1 second. Change the distribution of the interval between successive packets to Exponential and change the Mean Interval to 0. You read "Qualnet" in category "Papers" seconds (recall that the inter-arrival times for a Poisson process are exponentially distributed). As well, set the Start Time of the connection to Exponential with mean 0. 5 seconds, and the Duration to Deterministic with fixed duration of 30 seconds. These steps have been summarized below, 1. Click on Packet Size Distribution. (The packet lengths are exponentially distributed with mean packet length 2048 bytes. ) Change the Data Size from Deterministic to Exponential. Then change the Mean Size to 2048 bytes. 2. Click on Packet Interval Distribution. The source generates traffic according to a Poisson process. ) Change the distribution of the interval between successive packets to Exponential and change the Mean Interval to 0. 5 seconds. 3. Click on Start Time Distribution Change the distribution to Exponential with mean 0. 5 seconds. 4. Click on Duration Distribution to Deterministic with fixed duration of 30 seconds. – – – Figure 5 Traffic Generator Properties 5 A wireless network with multiple connections is shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6 A wireless network with multiple connections Part 3b: MAC Protocol The default settings of the MAC protocol can be viewed by clicking on Table View in the bottom panel below the canvas. Click the network tab and double click Wireless Subnet (see Fig. 7). MAC 6 protocol determines how the nodes access to the physical channel to transmit their packets. We note that the default MAC protocol is 802. 11 standard. This standard has two modes of operations known as Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF). The DCF is more popular in practice and based on the random access mechanism. Briefly, DCF function as follows, (see section 6. 10. 3 in the textbook for the description of this MAC protocol), DCF uses the CSMA protocol, thus a node, with a packet to transmit, first has to sense the channel. If the channel is busy the node backs off for a random amount of time. We note that the channel may be idle at the source but not at the destination node. If the source node senses the channel idle, it transmits a short request to send (RTS) packet. If the channel is also idle at the destination node and it receives the RTS packet then replies with clear to send (CTS) packet. After that the source transmits the data packet and destination node replies with an ACK packet if the packet is received error free which completes the transmission of the packet. If the source node does not receive the CTS packet or an ACK following the transmission of the data packet then it backs off for a random amount of time. A source node may retransmit an unsuccessful packet upto a transmission limit, when that limit is passed then the packet is discarded ( for values of these limits see Fig. 7). – The routing protocol is Bellman-Ford (a Distance Vector routing algorithm). The default settings of the OSI layers can be modified here according to the requirements of the network. As well, the default settings of an individual node can be viewed by clicking the Nodes tab and double clicking each node. The nodes update their routing tables regularly by exchanging routing packets. We not that in a single wireless subnetwork all the nodes are one hop away from each other, thus there is no routing, but nevertheless nodes will send routing packets regularly. It is worthwhile to spend a few minutes navigating through the menus to learn where to go in order to view or modify parameters in our network scenario. We can right-click the nodes or wireless network in the canvas area. 7 Figure 7 Properties of the MAC Protocol . Part 3c. Wireless channel with Fading We may include fading in the wireless channel by choosing the Scenario Properties button on the left side of the window and then selecting the Channel Properties tab in the new window. (see Fig. 9). In the Channel Properties window go to the row which says Fading Model [0] and click on where it says None. From the drop out menu choose Fading. Then go to the row which says Specify Gaussian Component File, click where it says No and change it to Yes. After this step is taken, a new menu item is open with the name Gaussian Component File, then fill that tab with the following entry, C:/snt/qualnet/5. 0/scenarios/default/default. fading Failure to provide this link will give the following error. â€Å"Error: Error in file .. librarieswirelesssrcpropagation. cpp:3933 PROPAGATION-FADING-GAUSSIAN-COMPONENTS-FILE is missing† 8 Figure 8. Incorporation of fading to the simulation Part 4: Running Simulation The next step is to run simulation of our network. One useful feature of the QualNet Developer package is the ability to trace packets. To enable packet tracing, go to Scenario Properties in the left hand window, select Statistics and Tracing tab, click Packet Tracing in the left window, select Enabled Packet Tracing, click where it says No and change it to Yes. See Fig. 9. 9 Figure 9 Enabling packet tracing. On the Run Toolbar, there are a set of icons related to simulation which include an Open Current Scenario in File Editor, a Run Settings, a Run Simulation and Record Animation Trace. To initialize the scenario, click on the Run Simulation icon . The mode of the Architect will be changed from Design Mode to Visualize Mode. To switch back to Design Mode, click Switch to Design Mode . The Visualization Controls panel opens in the left window. You should see the coordinates icon of the nodes and the current simulation time (which is 0. 0000 seconds) in the output window. Before running the simulation, we note that the Developer package will by default animate various aspects of the simulation such as packet receptions, packet drops and collisions, and unicast and multicast transmissions. Others aspects such as packet queue animation can be enabled by clicking on the button in the Animation Filters which should appear in the left hand window. Enable the radio range animation. Simulation will tend to run very fast so if we wish to see the animation it will help to slow down the speed of the animation. This is done by sliding the speed bar to about half way in the Animator window. See Fig10. 10 Figure 10 Initialization and animation settings for simulation The total simulation time can be changed by switching back to the Design Mode, click the Scenario Properties button on the left window, and select the General tab. The Simulation Time is set to 30 seconds by default. We will leave this at its default value for now. We run the simulator by clicking the Play button (Fig. 11). on the menu bar. You should see the simulation animations as the simulator runs Figure 11 Simulation animation during a run. 11 You can enable or disable the different animations while the simulation runs. Wait until the simulation completes. Part 5. Routing of the traffic between subnetworks. We need to have a router for to be able to route the traffic from one wireless subnetwork to another. The router will have two network interfaces each one being member of a one subnetwork. We can create a router as an ordinary node which belongs to both subnetworks. Thus the router node is selected among the nodes belonging to that subnetwork when each subnetwork is created ( see Fig. 12). 12 Figure 12 The two subnetworks communicate through the router node [2] Next we will configure node 2 as a router. For this click on the Table view, then on the Node button, then double click on the row for node 2 and click on the Node Configuration button in the window that opens. Then click on the router properties on the left hand window which displays Fig. 13. Fig. 3 Node configuration window In the Node Configuration window in the row for Type of Router click on the arrow for the value User Specified and from the opening menu choose Predefined. Then in the row for Router Type choose the value Generic. Finally choosing Apply button at the bottom of the window configures node 2 as a router ( see Fig. 14) 13 Fig. 14 Node 2 has been configured as a router Part 6. Simulation Statist ics 14 After the simulation has been completed, we can view the data collected during the simulation. To view the statistics of the simulation, click on he Analyze Statistics icon toolbar. in the Components 1- Statistics File If you click on the Statistics File button at the bottom of the window, you will see large amount of per node simulation data. Among the collected statistics we see, – The packets generated by the source nodes and received by the destination nodes are listed as unicast packets. In a connection not all the generated packets may be successfully delivered to the destination. As explained, in Part 3b. a packet will be discarded by the source as a result of reaching the number of retransmissions’ limit. Transmissions may not be successful because of destination node not sending a CTS packet or as a result of the bit errors in the received packet. We note that the bit errors will depend on the distance between source and destination nodes, fading and shadowing. The strength of the received signal which will decrease as the distance between the source and destination nodes increases. As a result of packet discarding, the throughput of the source and destination nodes in a connection may not be same. – If the distance between two nodes is higher than the node’s transmission range, then, these nodes are not aware of each other. They can not communicate with each other and they will not know each other’s IP addresses. Therefore, if two such nodes will exchange data traffic with each other, the packets will be generated by the Application layer of the source node but they will not be passed to the transport and then to the network layers because the IP address of the destination node is unknown. – In addition to unicast traffic packets, as may be seen there are other packets being transmitted in the network , RTS, CTS, ACK and Broadcasting packets for routing. For each successfully received unicast packet there will be a corresponding ACK path. The number of RTS and CTS packets will correspond to the total number of transmissions of a packet until it is successfully transmitted. 2- Graph Analyzer Window If you click on the Overview button at the bottom of the window, then we can navigate through the Physical, MAC, Network, Transport, and Application layers shown on left hand window. We can access to each layer data by clicking on the button for that layer at the bottom of left hand window. This results in opening of a menu for that layer in the left hand window. Then clicking on any of the menu items displays a submenu. Clicking on any submenu item displays a bar chart for the data collected for that item during the simulation. In Fig. 15 we are ready to view the data collected in the application layer. 15 Fig. 15 Viewing the data collected during the simulation. In Fig. 15, when we click on the Traffic-Gen Client button on the left hand window, then from the drop out menu we click on the data units sent. This results in Fig. 16 which shows the bart charts for the total number of packets generated at the application layer of each node. 16 Fig. 16 Traffic generated at the application layer of each node 17 How to cite Qualnet, Papers

Project Management In Product Development -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Project Management In Product Development? Answer: Introducation Globex formerly B T Sons Farming Equipment established RALS (Riviera Agriculture and Lifestyle Show) in 2000; a three day event held in November every year. The event requires that attendees pay for tickets at the entrance which re checked and then allowed to proceed to attend the event. The event relies heavily on trained volunteers. The main problem being faced is managing ticketing at the entrance especially on opening days when there are many people attending the event; what happens is that the ticketing system is manual and at peak human traffic, some people are able to slip in because they cannot wait for too long. Further, the volunteers are usually overwhelmed; this slows down the business process of issuing tickets while making it almost impossible for the staff to ascertain the number of tickets given out and he number of people that attended. Furthermore, the volunteers needed for the exercise are also many. What is required is a system in which people can purchase tickets earlier before attending the event and have a system where they can have the number of tickets purchased and redeemed automatically updated so they know the number of people attending through bar code scanning and the computer system. It is assumed that the people know how to use the system (are computer literate) and that the system will work at least 96% of the time in a given 365 day period. It is also assumed that the system will be fully accurate and enabling infrastructure (Internet and networks) will also work, along with the automatic bar code scanners. It is also assumed that the attendees will have some access to a mobile device or computer to make the purchases on-line/through the web or at least be able to access some of the ticketing outlets where they can buy printed tickets. Another assumption is that for those buying the tickets online, they have a way to print them or at least have an application that will enable digital bar code scanning of their e-tickets. Business Purpose, Need and Significance This project is needed to help the organizers of the RALS to make the process of accessing the venue by customers easy and seamless; this will reduce over crowding at the gate/ entrance. The system will also lead to increased sales as few people will manage to slip through without paying for tickets, especially when there are crowds during opening days or at peak times. The system will enable potential attendees to purchase the tickets on-line and at their convenience and print them out or use electronic means to sign out. This will also lower costs, including the need for fewer volunteers and to help with administration and planning as the organizers will be able to ascertain the number of tickets sold and redeemed and people that attended. This will also ensure accurate accounting. The idea of the system is driven by the need for greater accountability, the need to have accurate metrics on ticket sales and attendees, and to improve the experience of attendees through easy and seamless entry, even during peak times and on the opening day. The system should be easy to use by customers, quick transaction processing, give real time updates and reports, and be able tp perform without lags even during high demand. The system should also be compatible with different browsers and operating platforms, and have the same functionality and appearance whether accessed using mobiles, tablets, or computers. The system should have resilience so that even in the event of a disaster or during backups, business processes will still continue and full operations can be restored within a short period of time. The system should also be easy to maintain and allow people to be given specific access rights to prevent abuse. If there is a wrong operation committed either by buyers or internal users, the system must highlight this and enable the user to repeat the process again, with help options available. These will be the guiding objectives for this project Benefits and Costs The system should reduce delays during entry, make the process of ticketing easy and seamless, and enable accounting and report generation by authorized users. The system will increase ticket sales and reduce operational costs while giving visitors a better experience and the organizers an easy time in planning and managing the project. The system will have various costs, including costs of making surveys and capturing user requirements, the purchase of hardware and other software, development and labor costs, costs for hiring cloud backup services, and maintenance and management costs. These costs are summarized in the table below; Item Cost in $ Initial survey and logistics costs, including user documentation 500 Cloud service provider costs 600 per month Purchase of turnstiles (8) each at 600 6000 Development costs (labor) 45000 Barcode scanners 3000 Hardware (Computers and power backups) 9000 Cables and networking 3000 Labor costs 2500 Maintenance costs 4000 Other incidentals and caution money 5000 Total 80000 Methodology The system will be developed using the agile project management methodology known as scrum; scrum. It is a lightweight method in which a project is undertaken and delivered incrementally in sprints, with each sprint supposed to end with a minimum shippable product that can perform the envisaged tasks as captured in the user requirements (Schwaber, 2015). Changes can be made along the way, but the delivery deadline and budget does not change. This method would be highly suitable for this project because it ensures the final product is table and works according to client needs. Its an approach that also enables new user requirements to be identified as the system is developed and testing and a system can be delivered in a far shorter period and with a lower budget than other traditional software delivery methods (Mike, 2010), (Pham Pham, 2016). The figure below shows the agile scrum framework; Source- (Innolution 2017) Team Project Charter Skills and Knowledge Inventory Skills Leadership and organizing skills Knowledge of product and customer needs Technical skills for testing Conflict resolution skills Team management skills Reporting skills Testing skills (technical) Communications skills Programming skills in JAVA and C++ Programming skills in Python Database development skills and Perl Knowledge of All forms of SQL Knowledge of No-Databse database system Web development skills including HTML and HTML 5 skills Training and support skills Business process skills Networking skills Purchasing and negotiation skills Cloud operations and backup skills RAID skills Networking skills Software testing skills Programming skills in Python, Perl, JAVA Knowledge of Linux testing and penetration skills Roles and Responsibilities Team Member Roles and Responsibility Shaik Ahmed Bin Taher Accurately capturing the needs of the client Testing products to ensure the user needs are well captured Communicating the user needs and any other needs effectively to the team Overall leadership for the project Liaising with the client on behalf of the team and giving progress reports Developing the backlog and budget Rafa Afr Will record all minutes of meetings and document them Plan, organize, and chair regular team meetings Ensure all team members are working seamlessly Risk management for the entire project Documentation Communication with all team members Developing Communication Plan Team member Developing the web interface scripts for performing various actions including capturing user details Developing the pay processing system and the cart system Developing the help system (online) Team member Software application development to include reporting and user access rights Testing of the system Developing interoperability with other systems and softwares Team member Development of the database and relationships between database items Testing the database Future updating of the database Developing Queries Developing web interface scripts using Perl for user querying Team member Will be responsible for developing the web interface and website for the system developing UX diagrams for the web interface and back end web access Using of HCI rules in web development Team member Developing the business processes that will operationalize the system Ensuring the developed system captures business processes effectively Training the client and users on how to use the system Developing help documentation for users Team member Purchasing and acquiring the necessary software and hardware components testing purchased equipment and ensuring they meet needs of the system and the user needs Team member Installing the system instances on the cloud Installation of system in private cloud Setting up cloud and off site backup Setting up redundancy using suitable RAID architecture Setting up business process continuity negotiating cloud service provider SLAs Team member Developing the networks and networking Ensuring system works seamlessly from any access point Team member Ensures the software performs as required (performance metrics) Notifies other team members of any issues Identifies bugs and fixes them in the software Develops software patches and updates Ensures the system is secure and any security loopholes are fixed Performs penetration testing for the system Based on scrum framework (Pham Pham, 2016) Team Communications The team will meet at least three times before the commencement of the project; the fist two meetings will happen at the client location when soliciting user needs and understanding the requirements of the user. The third meeting will be at the project office where team oles will be discussed and given; this meeting will also be used to ensure all team members understand the project requirements clearly and what is required for the project. The fourth meeting will be plan the course of action and what should be delivered at what time. After that, the team will meet daily in the morning during stand up meetings that will take an hour or less at the project office and also after every sprint is done to evaluate the work done and have a sprint retrospective. At the end of the project, there will be two meetings, one with the client during handover and another for team members during the scrum retrospective meting where documentation will be done. At the end of every sprint, the team wil l meet with the client or the client representative and test the developed system (so far) and capture any issues to be corrected along with with any other new user requirements to be incorporated. The agile framework requires effective communications and frequent meetings (Aguanno, 2005)The team will continue to communicate while developing the system be e-mail and telephone, as well as through the project management system interface and the digital scrum wall so everyone is up to date on the meeting. The meetings are summarized below; Meeting Location Purpose Date and Time Meeting 1 Client premises Familiarize with user needs and know requirements Meeting 2 Client premises In depth capture of user needs Meeting 3 Project Office Sprint planning meeting Understanding and sharing roles and responsibilities Meting 4 Project Office Knowing the work and work schedule Meeting five Project Office Daily scrum meeting 7.00 am to 8.00 am Meeting Six Project Office Daily scrum meeting 7.00 am to 8.00 am Meeting Seven Project Office Daily scrum meeting 7.00 am to 8.00 am Meting Eight Project Office Daily scrum meeting 7.00 am to 8.00 am Meeting Nine Project Office Daily scrum meeting 7.00 am to 8.00 am Meeting fifteen Client premises Testing at the end of first sprint Meeting sixteen Project Office Sprint Retrospective Sprint meetings (daily start again until the next testing phase with client Meeting x Client premises Testing at the end of sprint Meeting X Project Office Sprint Retrospective Cycles continue until the software is ready and is being handed over to client Scrum review meeting Project Office Evaluate entire project, lessons learned, documentation During meetings, Rafa Afr will chair all the meetings and each member will be free to speak or make comments; Rafa will do the documentation for the meeting and update these on the digital scrum board as well as on the physical scrum board. Each member will be given time to present what they did during the daily sprint meetings as well as any challenges they faced. Rafa will document these and post them on the project management system board for all members to see and make comments. Further communication will take place on-line through the project management system software and through e-mail and group chat platforms. Members can also communicate through mobile phones, although these are not recorded. The on-line project management system will enable each member to access resources such as sprint backlogs and the digital scrum board as well as minutes of past meetings. The physical scrum board will be located at the project office and be accessible by anyone during meetings; Taher wi ll update th scrum board so every member can see the progress of the entire team. Team Rules and Expectations The team rules have been developed due to a past experience where team members did not attend enough meetings and there were arguments that slowed down progress Team Rules and Expectations The team members are encouraged to express their feelings and opinions freely Team members must contribute during meetings No aggressive or abusive language during meetings Disagreements are allowed, but an amicable solution must be reached either through a vote or under the direction of Rafa All meeting minutes must be communicated to all team members by Rafa Communication will be official through e-mail, project system, or verbally and recorded All team members must attend 90% of the daily sprint meetings in person All team members must visit the physical/ or digital scrum board at least one daily Team values Commitment Communication Respect Code of Ethics No arguments or fights No abusive language Being bound by team decisions even if in disagreement Attending at least 90% of meetings on time (lateness will not be tolerated) Avoiding disruptions during meetings such as receiving and making personal calls Team Signatures Learning cycle Meetings All meetings must be attended in person frequent meetings help the team bond and know progress (what has been done and what needs to be done) Client needs These must be captured and can be updated as testing is done Delivery System will be developed and delivered incrementally Roles Team roes are complementary (inter dependence) Framework Effective project delivery must be structured and use a suitable methodology and follow its rules and tasks (the team chose to use the scrum agile method) Communication An effective communication plan is essential in project success Constraints Time and budgets ae constant constraints and this should be managed based on the work breakdown structure and project schedule Planning Prior planning and updates to plan helps team keep focused Communication Planning This was developed during the fourth meeting at the project office where stakeholders were identified and a plan on how to communicate with them developed. The communication plan is based on the stakeholder role and influence in the project Title Role Influence Communication method/ channel Interest in project Frequency Globex CEO Executive sponsor Very High Face to face E-mail telephone Reports and memos Very high Fortnightly Globex Executive In Charge of LARS Business sponsor Very High Face to face E-mail telephone Reports and memos Very high Weekly Globex Team Advisory team High Face to face E-mail telephone High Monthly Globex Staff Users Low Face to face High Fortnightly Members of public People that attend LARS events and will use system Low Face to face E-mil Medium Fortnightly Reflection Managing projects can be very challenging, especially given that one will be working with teams of diverse behaviors and personalities. Using a structured approach will help make the process of managing projects easy, especially when undertaking the role of the leader. From this project, I learned that even when one is the overall leader or has substantial leadership responsibilities, the rest of the team members are also leaders in their own little way. I discovered this, luckily in the second meeting and it was helpful in getting the team members to define their roles and give ideas on how the entire project would succeed and what needed to be done to achieve the project objectives and project success. Further, the leader, as I learned, gives direction and overall vision; the team members will give the road signs and speed at which the destination will be arrived at (meeting objective). The ability for effective communication is crucial for the leader, and different situations requ ire different leadership skills and styles. The leader must have integrity and enthusiasm, while also showing empathy if a team member is lagging behind. The lead must lead by example, being at the meeting earliest and being the last to leave, while dealing with individual concerns (Ellis, 2016). To perform these roles, a leader requires a set of both soft and hard/ technical skills; I needed to have technical skills for testing software to ensure it works well under different conditions. The leader must also clearly understand the client requirements, better than everyone else and effectively communicate these to the team members. The leader must know different project management methodologies, and the way it is used, knowing the methods is not enough, the practices must also be well known. The leader must know how to deal with conflict and disagreements and inspire the team forward (Flanners levin, 2005); in summary, a leader requires technical IT skills, soft skills, and practical project management skills References Aguanno, K. (2005). Managing agile Projects: [the project management essentials library]. Lakefield: Multi-Media Publications. Ellis, G. (2016). Project management in product development: Leadership skills and management techniques to deliver great products. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Flannes, S. W., Levin, G. (2005). Essential people skills for project managers. Vienna, VA: ManagementConcepts. Mike, C. (2010). Succeeding with Agile: Software Development using Scrum. Pearson India. Pham, A. T., Pham, D. K. (2016). Business-Driven IT-Wide Agile (Scrum) and Kanban (Lean) Implementation: An Action Guide for Business and IT Leaders. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Schwaber, K. (2015). Agile project management with scrum. Redmond: Microsoft.

In Julius Caesar By William Shakespeare, Two Characters Speak At Caesa

In Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, two characters speak at Caesar's funeral. Caesar was just murdered by his best friend Brutus and the Conspirators. Brutus and Antony both speak at the funeral, but each had their own purpose and reason for doing so. Both speeches had their own unique way of addressing the crowd as well as differing styles. Therefore, differing effects on the crowd as a result of their differing styles and techniques. Brutus was first to speak. He and the Conspirators approaches the stand with their hands dripping in Caesar's blood. Brutus approaches the crowd by stating that his reason for killing Caesar. His reason was not because he did not love Caesar, but because he loved Rome more. Specifically, he says: Brutus rose against Caesar, that is my answer: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more ( III, ii, 21-22 ) This quote pretty much proves and summarizes Brutus' point in his speech. To achieve his goals, Brutus' oratory techniques were simple, logical, and rational. Brutus' speech is very formal, controlled, and it seems that all of the sentences are perfectly balanced. Although he did a very good job at explaining to the confused crowd that murdering Caesar was for the good of Rome, he still hadn't won them over yet. Brutus explained again that he loved Caesar, but that his death was for the good of Rome. " As Caesar loved me, I weep for him" ( III, ii, 25-26 ). Brutus explains here that he still cared for Caesar and he still also claimed that Caesar was not good for Rome because he was ambitious. He mourns his death. Brutus came into a confused and curious crowd. After he explained himself and his purpose, the people were reluctant to believed him, yet they were convinced for only a short while. Brutus leaves the scene and the stand for Antony to speak. Antony begins by explaining that he only wants to bury Caesar, not praise him. Antony says that he does not wish to disgrace Brutus' honorable name. " But Brutus says he is ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man" ( III, ii, 87-88 ). This quote proves how Antony kept mentioning about Brutus and the Concpirators. Although he mentions that Brutus is an honorable man, he means the opposite. Antony wants mutiny against the Conspirators. He wants revenge. Antony's technique, although, was very original. He used repetition. His use of repetition created a sense of sarcasm about Brutus and the Conspirators when he repeatedly referred to them as " honorable men". Antony made use of mentioning that Caesar was not ambitious for three reasons: he refused the crown three times, he did not pocket the money, rather, he put it in the treasury, and he wept for the poor. By saying this, Antony hoped to get the attention of the crowd counteracting Brutus' statement of Caesar being ambitious. Also, Antony makes good use of Caesars will and the dead body. He tries to intice the crowd by referring to the will, which offered seventy five drachma to each citizen as well as Caesar's land to be used for a public park. At first, the people were against Antony, due to Brutus' previous speech. Antony did an excellent job of perswaying the crowd and moving them to mutiny, which was his original purpose. Although it was Antony's appeal to the crowds emotions that ultimately swayed them to his side. In conclusion, both Brutus and Atony's speeches were very important to that story so that the point could be lead across of Caesar's death. Both characters shared their opinions and in the end, one got the approval of the crowd. In this, Antony did a very good job of moving the crowd to mutiny.

Balmer Series Definition in Science

Balmer Series Definition in Science The Balmer series is the portion of the emission spectrum of hydrogen that represents electron transitions from energy levels n 2 to n 2. These are four lines in the visible spectrum. They are also known as the Balmer lines.The four visible Balmer lines of hydrogen appear at 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm. These are caused by photons produced by electrons in excited states transitioning to more stable energy levels. There are also multiple ultraviolet Balmer lines that have wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. The spectrum becomes continuous approaching 364.6 nm (ultraviolet). Note: While Balmer discovered four visible lines, five other hydrogen spectral series were later discovered for values of n besides 2. The Balmer series in especially important in astronomy. The lines are seem emitted by many stellar objects because most of the universe consists of the element hydrogen. The series is used to help determine the surface temperature of stars. Source Nave, C. R. (2006). Hydrogen Spectrum. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.

Law Enforcement Challenges Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement Challenges - Assignment Example Therefore, the law enforcing agencies are faced with challenges such as detection of crime and its evidence (Brenner, 2010). In any criminal justice investigation, the evidence is an extremely vital factor since it must be collected from the site of a detected crime, it must be preserved safely and should not be tampered with, and eventually, it should be examined immediately after collection. Thus, is such crime cases detecting the crime itself and collecting evidence that goes along with the crime is challenging since a number of criminals involved in these crimes always delete and clear data from their computers in order to completely destroy the evidence. In addition, others always modify the data so as to show some difference from the previous evidence of the crime. Time being an essential factor here, a number of investigations fail since twenty-four hours seem to be late to recover evidence from computers which have automatic wiping applications just in case a wrong key is pressed. However, for law enforcing agencies with special tools and experts who can easily access any data, whether deleted or tampered with, obtaining evidence is easy and effective so long they act faster. Precisely, in criminal justice, jurisdiction refers to the body or rather the authority which is handling a particular case. This extends to geographical demarcations and legal restrictions on the type of courts to hear different cases. In many states, a law enforcing agency has jurisdiction over criminal activities that take place in a particular geographic location where the agency has authority; location of a crime, the location of victim or perpetrator. Thus, overlapping jurisdiction refers to the jurisdiction that is exercised simultaneously by several courts within the same territory over similar subject matter. Moreover, it overlapping jurisdiction can also be referred to as a jurisdiction which is shared by more than one state over geographical boundaries.     Ã‚  

The night mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The night mother - Essay Example It is mentioned she is a lonely girl who doesn’t find much interest in talking to other people, but struggles to put herself together. Unlike her daughter, Thelma Cates is described as chatty and nosy yet as we read the play we realize that she is just as lonely as her daughter. She is in her late fifties and is quiet aware of her age. She tries to take this in positively, but cannot ignore the obvious that she is getting older and her time will soon come too. The play takes places in Thelma’s house and from there on Jessie has made the decision to take control of her life, thoughts and feelings. By the very first look of â€Å"Night Mother† we are able to determine that the play revolves around gloom and loneliness, from Jessie and Thelma, and grows around the issues they have had throughout life with a failed marriage, her epilepsy, and her delinquent son, Ricky. The main issue revolving the story sets around the fact that Jessie has decided to commit suicide, and straightforwardly tells her mother of her plans. â€Å"Jessie is full of vengeance and decides to commit suicide; oblivious to the fact that it might hurt her mother† (Brustein 160.) Before she does so, she must complete the list of things she has set herself to make before she kills herself, or as she told the people around town, â€Å"taking a vacation† (Norman 15). ... The author makes a remark by indicating that the appearance of the house shouldn’t be associated with the personality of Jessie, given that her mother is the one who is most outgoing. Norman adds on to the dialogue invisible characters that come up, meanwhile the two of them are having a deep conversation about how and why Jessie has taken the decision she has. While talking, they bring up characters like Dawson, Jessie’s brother, Loretta; Dawson’s wife, Ricky; Jessie’s son, and Cecil; Jessie’s ex husband. In addition to these characters, Jessie’s dad plays a very important role. From the conversation she and her mother are having, her mother admits to never loving him, but unlike Thelma, Jessie loved her father very much. I believe the importance of Jessie’s father plays after his death, since she did not have a father figure and her mother did not seem to worry about other than herself. It is also mentioned in the play that Cecil, wa s a handy man that made the porch and Thelma ended up marrying him to her daughter. Such actions have made the character of Jessie to submerge herself in the memory of her father, because â€Å"she never saw an environment in which love and harmony were abundant† (Burkman 36). In my opinion, Jessie’s suicidal thoughts come from the lack of affection she has received throughout her life. Cecil, her ex-husband has also taken most of her happiness since she became epileptic and fell off a horse and he divorced her. Her ideal marriage never really came together, and to only see her son grow to be somewhat of an antisocial or a delinquent. Although her mother wants to convince her that this is just a phase Ricky is going through, she

Overview Of Skincare Industry India Marketing Essay

Overview Of Skincare Industry India Marketing Essay The preference of Indian consumers is changing from the merely functional products to the preferential products. The average annual spending of Indian consumers on cosmetics and toiletries in 2005 is just over US$3. The cosmetics and toiletries saw its value share rising from 27% in 1999 to 31% in 2005. This trend also continued after that with consistent increase in the share. The entry of many multinationals also fuelled the growth in the industry as foreign players focussed more on product innovation. It is seen that global companies after coming to India trying to explore the traditional skin care products in India. Indian consumers are increasingly looking to international personal care brands as lifestyle enhancement products which will create a sophisticated and upper class image. The total skin care market is estimated to be around Rs. 3,400 Cr. The total size of the Indian retail beauty and cosmetics market is currently estimated at $950 million.   The overall beauty and wellness market, which includes beauty services, is $2.68 billion.   The cosmetics market in India is growing twice as fast as that of the United States and European market. However, The skin care market is at a primary stage in India. The penetration level of this segment in India is around 20 per cent. The improvement of medical technology also fuels the growth of the market in India. Major companies active in this segment include Hindustan Lever; Godrej Soaps, Colgate-Palmolive, Marico, Dabur and Procter Gamble. The skin care market can be segregated into toners, cleansers, sunscreens, anti-wrinkle creams, dark circle removing creams, astringents, f acial creams, moisturizers, fairness creams, day and night-creams. The penetration level for both the urban and rural market is low. Many people still prefer to use traditional products to cure the skin More than 25% growth every year in the Skin Care Industry Facial skin care products have become an essential part of the beauty market Gradual Adoption of the western culture The chart below shows major players in the skin care industry and their respective market shares International Skin Care market The skin care industry worldwide is a 50 Billion Dollar plus business. Caring for the skin of people throughout the world is a popular business. It is a business where people are passionate about their work, because it matters. It matters to their families, to their communities, to their profession and the whole world. It is a business where unmet needs still abound and where people around the world are waiting for new and better solutions. The major product segments in the market are Face Care Products, Body Hand Care, and Depilatories, and, Sun Care Products. The sub product segments include Facial Moisturizers, Facial Cleansers, and Hand Body Lotions/Creams. At present there are about 889 companies in the international market including many key and niche players worldwide such as Amway Corp. Asian markets ( 2007 Euromonitor Report) Rank Country Skin Care Value per Capita Country %Growth 1 Japan 102 US $ Indonesia 26 2 Hong Kong 73 US $ China 16 3 Taiwan 58 US $ Vietnam 15 4 South Korea 57 US $ India 13 5 Singapore 41 US $ Singapore 10 6 Thailand 14 US $ Malaysia 10 7 Malaysia 10 US $ Thailand 9 8 Philippines 5 US $ Philipines 7 9 China 4 US $ Taiwan 5 10 Indonesia 1 US $ Hong Kong 4 11 Vietnam 1 US $ South Korea 4 12 India 1 US $ Japan 2 From the above table it is clear that, The people in India spent least amount of money on the skin care with respect to the other Asian countries, However India has shown a very rapid growth in the personal care segment with a growth of 13% and is ahead of 8 prominent Asian nations. That shows that India has a tremendous potential for growth. The chart mentioned below tells about the Per Capita Skin care product Consumption of the India in comparison to other Asian countries( The values are in US $). This There is a huge potential market for skin care products in India as compared to other Asian countries as Indian market is still to be explored. Percentage of Skin care products in total cosmetics products segments Skin Care: 16% approximately Hair Care: 16% approximately Bath and Shower products: 46% approximately Colour Cosmetics: 6% approximately Fragrances: 1% approximately Drivers of the Industry Growing worldwide wealth Changing consumer lifestyle Globalisation Celebrity endorsement increases consumers awareness and interest The total disposable income of the people in Asia is 21% of that of the world which is estimated to increase to a value of the 23%( Euro monitor Report) The major Skin Care Segments and their Drivers Strong Desire for the fair skin Drivers Asians beliefs White hides three ugly bits Fairer equals to upper class Stressful lifestyle Busy lifestyle resulting in less sleeping time Stress hormone sends the skins oil glands into overdrive Development and Outlook These beliefs and the strong desire for the skin whitening products led to the development of technology and evolution of new whitening products and formulations. The whitening creams are also produced for men. In recent years the fairness cream is combined with the anti-aging formulations which bring the satisfaction and feel good factor to the customer. Also with rise in work-stress and pollution people are more inclined to these products. Not only that, baby skin care products, sun protection products, bleach and facials also gained popularity among people. Anti Agers Drivers Growth in Aging Population Accelerated Aging Rising Pursuit of Agelessness Development and Outlook Target young consumers: Prevention better than cure Super-premium : From global to local brands Mass brands developments Cosmeceuticals : Collaboration between cosmetics and pharmaceutical company New technology and ingredient More regulated industry to ensure the safety of cosmeceuticals Facing strong competition from aesthetic beauty service industry Skin Care Applications Drivers Increased consumer knowledge on skin care application TV beauty programs educates consumers on different products benefits Technology advancement Skin care evolution thanks to technology and research Beauty web blogs to allow consumers to exchange ideas New Routine Cleansing Liquid Cleanser Lotion AC Essence Mask Emulsion Effector White Essence Cream Trends and development Usual Routine Cleanser Toner Moisturiser Development of more powerful products Consumers may outsource personal care and pay for spas and treatment India has the maximum growth in the resort/hotel spa( 107% growth annually in 2007) Natural and ethical products Drivers Massive awareness of health wellness Safety scares and recalls Consumers look for guarantee of authenticity Rising greensumerism Technology facilitate the development of more effective products Key Trends and Developments Edible, natural and herbal ingredients Environmentally friendly packaging New retail concepts Minerals and precious materials, including gold Packaging innovation: eco-friendly packaging Same consumer buying both high technology and natural products Emergence of at-home-make products Venture into other products, such as sun care Well-known designers and celebrities increase consumers knowledge on natural ethical products Men Skin Care Drivers Workplace: Pressure from competition in workplace led to the emergence of Metro sexual man Greater acceptance in developing nations Move to more advanced products Key trends and Development Stronger growth than skin care: In 2007, the Asian Skin Care Market has grown at a rate of 8%, where as the men skin care market has grown at a rate of 14%. Similarly projected growth in 2012 is 6%, whereas the growth of the men skin care segment is 8%. Moving away from 3 basic cleaning steps Macho-sexual vs metrosexual Increasing popularity of sportsmen Lower acceptance of mens colour cosmetics Main focus will still be skin care and other mens grooming products New technology Focusing on convenience Cosmetics surgery for men Getting popular in countries like Japan and South Korea Inhibitors of the Skin Care Industry Environmental Standards In 2003, Unilever, had been exposed by The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Friends of the Earth in an article in the Observer newspaper today for sourcing talc illegally quarried by an Indian mining company. The mining company has also listed US multinationals, Johnson Johnson, Revlon and Avon among its clients. The quarrying not only destroys tiger habitats but also devastates the forest and watersheds vital for the well being of local people. This is one of the examples of how the environmental protection standards can affect the business in skin care industry. Laws Regulations of the government Cosmetics directly affect peoples life. Hence, the regulations for the cosmetics match to that of the drugs considering the sensitivity of the skin care cosmetic products and their possible side effects. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 is there to impose standards on the cosmetics manufacturing industries. Government import export taxes and regulations for the foreign companies also affect the skin care market. High end customers prefer MNC skin care products. Stringent government regulations are certainly inhibitors of the development of the skin care market in India. Trends Opportunities in India Growth in the young population (RBI report): Changing demographics in India 2/3rd Population below age of 35 Favourable Consumption Pattern: The share of private consumption for personal care products increases consistently over the years( Economic Survey 2009) Increase in Urbanization in India: The skin care products are not in the basic need category. Hence, the urban people whose basic needs are fulfilled are more inclined to these products and are potential customers to buy the skin care products. Urban Population in Millions Urban Population as a percentage of total population 1971 109 19.9 1981 160 23.3 1991 218 25.7 2001 285 27.8 Porters five forces analysis of International Skin Care Industry The manufacturing of skin care products is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century. The three largest skin care product companies in the world in terms of market share are Procter and Gamble, Loreal and Unilever. But they face stiff competition from the likes of Estee Lauder, Colgate Palmolive, Avon, Shisiedo, Johnson and Johnson, Beiersdorf. There are also a large number of local players within each market. In this analysis we will be analyzing the forces which affect the global skin care industry as a whole because many of the forces have similar effects across the world. Nature of Competition: The industry is a highly fragmented market, marked by the presence of a few companies with a global presence, which control a significantly larger share of the cosmetics market. The top 3 companies (LOreal, PG, and Estee Lauder) control around 35% of the share. The top 10 companies control nearly the 50% of the market. The rest of the market is distributed between small players who have a highly local presence. The industry is highly competitive due to the presence of a large no. of SMEs (France alone has over 850 firms with 10 employees or less). Another form of competition is from direct selling companies like Avon and Amway. The high end of the market is characterized by low volume, high product differentiation and large brand strength, which restricts the competition. While the low end market with limited differentiation allows opportunities for smaller companies to make their mark. Natural cosmetics in particular are rapidly gaining popularity and present an opportunity for SMEs and new entrants can compete against established giants. The industry is characterized by a high rate of product development and product obsolescence. Bargaining power of Buyers Due to the strong brand power of most of the large brands, buyer power of retailers and distributors is reduced as they must stock the most popular brands. But in operations where the retailers have a stronger position, markets where competition is intense, then buyer power increases. We can also analyze buyer power from the perspective of the end consumer because it is they who dictate the market trends. The customers do not always stick to one brand of makeup or perfume or any variant offered because the switching costs are very low. This means that buyer power is high and demand for favourable prices. Bargaining power of suppliers With global sales of nearly $300 billion in the cosmetic industry(2007 report), skin care products present one of the most complex global sourcing challenges. Much of the sourcing for the industry involves a fragile web of small, fragmented suppliers that must be linked together using a sophisticated and effective logistics technology. Suppliers are often small in scale compared to the largest manufacturers and consequently their power is reduced, but this countered by the fact that chemical producers gain revenues from a wide variety of sources, reducing their dependence on skin care product manufacturers. The trends seem to indicate similar conditions for the future. Overall, supplier power with respect to the cosmetic market is moderate. Threat of close substitutes: There are substitute products, but they are not fully developed in the Indian market as well as globally. There is a rise in popularity of the herbal and Ayurvedic products. People are more inclined to use skin care products that are made from natural herbs, rather than chemicals. Also some Ayurvedic medicines are believed to purify blood and bring good health to skin. The products made from chandan, haldi, rose water are used in villages to bring fairness in both girls and boys. These products are cheap and risk free. Hence , these products might act as substitutes to the skin care products produced by the companies. As the market of these herbal products is in the nascent stage, the threat from the substitute products is low. The same case is with the global skin care market. Threat from New Entrants Large firms generally have significant advantages over new entrants. Large firms scale economies allow them to compete more effectively on price, and invest in their own business; companies entering the market may find it difficult to compete. The brand strength of the major manufactures is considerable, which may negate much of the effect of low switching costs. New entrants may be able to start on a small scale, operating within a particular niche, such as make-up with anti-ageing components, for example, stressing natural ingredients. Hence, threat of new entrants is low. Barriers to Entry Product testing and research is both time-consuming and costly. New entrants also need to persuade stores to stock their products, and major retailers, aware of their importance in the distribution chain, may be unwilling to risk displacing existing brands for the sake of new ones. Substantial funds are needed to start up a business in this market, with capital required for investment in production, distribution, and also advertising which is crucial to success in the market. Hence, barrier to entry is high and needs high initial spending. Industry regulation: The companies are usually forced deal with strict regulations on issues like animal testing and environmental protection. Also cosmetic products have to face the highest level of scrutiny (almost the same level as pharmaceuticals) with regard to their safety levels. Strategy to be followed: They should try and target niche markets in the beginning and follow strategies like direct selling. Local penetration is required before moving for internationalization. Regulatory Landscape Current Indian cosmetic regulations are complex and there are multiple regulations under different regulatory bodies. There is a need to simplify the regulations and there is also a need to address the growing issue of spurious products and counterfeits. Indian cosmetic industry is mature and responsible enough to ensure safety quality of its products and the industry can take up joint responsibility with the Regulator for cosmetic regulations in India. European and ASEAN countries have adopted this model of self regulation successfully and the same is being suggested here in the Indian context. There is a negative list of ingredients which cant form a part of any cosmetic composition. There is also a restricted list of ingredients; such ingredients can be used only under specific concentration range in specific products and under specific conditions of pack declaration. In addition, there is a positive list of preservatives and UV filters thus restricting the choice of such ingredients and their concentrations. Cosmetic labeling is dictated by multiple regulations This includes Drug Cosmetics act, BIS packing norms and Standards of Weight Measures act. More recently, several amendments have been notified in the labeling clause of Drug and Cosmetic Act. Manufacturer is required to submit the relevant information pertaining to the formulation, raw materials used and their specifications, product quality specifications and safety data in support of the formulation. The information is reviewed by local (State) FDA and a cosmetic license is granted or otherwise. The clinical trial of the skin care products is also done to ensure safety for the consumers. Difference between Indian regulatory framework and the International regulatory framework for the skin care cosmetic products. EU ASEAN INDIA Legislative Document EU Cosmetic Directive ASEAN Cosmetic Directive Drugs Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules 1945 Labelling declarations: BIS product standards; PCRO Product classification Broader Cosmetic definition-definition includes secondary benefit; Broader Cosmetic definition-includes secondary benefit; Narrow Cosmetic definition-No secondary benefit allowed Cosmetic categories as illustrative lists yes yes No Claim Guidelines for regulation no yes No Value Chain Analysis The value chain for the cosmetic and skin care industry is as follows. The flow of channel from the supplier of the raw material to the retail shop is in accordance to the international generalized value chain. The analysis is also valid for the skin care products. Finished product Distributor Retail Raw material Supplier and DistributorNeutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Companies Raw Material Supplier for Skin Care Personal Care and Cosmetics Suppliers Media manufactures Chemicals Biological reagents Raw material supplier Preservative manufacturer Cosmetic Finished goods manufacturers; Salons; Department Stores; Dermatologist Office Finished Good Brand Owner CRO for finished goods and brand owner Gate Keepers Personal Care Council HUL In the skin care industry HUL is one of the major players having largest market share. Its famous brands in skin care are as follows Ponds : Global Brand, first mover to the country in 1947 Fair and Lovely : Patented formulation and is an Asian brand Lakhme Skin Care : This is brought from Tatas and is important for Salon business Aviation : Customized Skin Care solutions Vaseline : Monopoly in Indian Petro-jelly The personal product segment of HUL contributes to the 26% of the total revenue generated by the company. SWOT analysis of HUL Skin Care Strength The products have strong market reach. The soap brand LUX is available both in high price and low price variations. The skin cream brand fair Lovely has a very wide spread market. Strong Sales and Distribution Networks. Many variants of each product: Fair Lovely, Ayurvedic Fair Lovely, Fair lovely Anti marks Under a particular sub-brand, there is a huge diversified portfolio of products. For example, under Lakhme, there are almost all types of skin care products.( Anti aging, scrub, fairness, face wash, oil control etc) Both value and volume growth are ahead of the market Weakness The skin care products are mainly positioned as beauty products and are relevant to women. Though there is a huge opportunity to explore the products relevant to men, HUL has not much penetration to it. It is currently entering into the men skin care segment The sun screen, scrub and facial skin care products are not well developed till now and are not doing well compared to other skin care brands Premium products are not popular in rural Indias Opportunity Lakme Lever Private Limited (LLPL) commenced operations during the course of the year with the objective of achieving excellence in beauty services and with a view to create and nurture a service mindset. The Company launched the Lakme Studio, a premium salon format commencing with Delhi which has shown early signs of success. Similarly, Lakme Studio have also been recently rolled out in Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Liquid Body Wash is currently in growth stage. The HUL brands like Lakhme, Dove, Lux could produce products of these kind and capture the market Threat HUL skin care is at a maturity stage. The revenues may decline if constant innovation is not followed. Strong Internal competition: Competition between Lakhme Dove, Competition between Lux and Peers. External Competition and foreign players( Garnier, LOreal, Nivea etc) Brand Perception Brand Perception of the customers is mentioned is mentioned on the basis of perception about some specific brands like DOVE Fair and Lovely Fair Lovely Brand Perception: Customers believe that Fair Lovely ( Anti marks) is specially designed for skin with marks and spots. Fair Lovely with breakthrough Vita-Aloe Complex Lightens different kinds of marks in 4 weeks Gets visible fairness in 4 weeks Helps in preventing spots from coming back Ayurvedic Fair Lovely has extensively researched the fairness secrets of ancient Ayurveda and created a unique mix containing extracts of special Ayurvedic herbs. Its proven formula penetrates deep down your skin to give you a glowing fairness from within. Fair Lovely Ayurvedic contains Kumkumadi Tailam, an ancient fairness recipe of 16 precious Ayurvedic ingredients. Ayurvedic Fair Lovely Fairness Cream contains Nilopala Patanga. These Soothe relax skin cells, give a serene look. It also contains Chandana Ushira which reduce skin irritation, give long lasting cooling sensation. Marketing Strategy Adopted: Fair Lovely , apart from the fairness cream for girls entering into the men fairness segment and body lotion segment to increase its portfolio of products. Fair Lovely menz active is the product in this segment. Entering into Aurvedic segment, Fair Lovely is able to create a perception in the minds of the customer that its product is totally free from harmful chemicals and can bring a permanent change in the colour of the skin without any side effects as Ayurvedic products are without side effects. Fair Lovely, also in its advertisements creates a picture of woman which is unsuccessful and rejected everywhere because of her dark skin. Where as after using the product, she is able to regain her self respect and becomes successful. EMAMI Emami , a kolkata based company has been in the skin care products since the last 30 years and has sustained a good position in ayurvedic products. Products Boroplus Cream Fair and Handsome Boroplus Powder Navratna Cool Talc New Launched Products Boroplus Body Lotion Malai Kesar Cold Cream Marketing Mix Product Emamis products are mainly based on Ayurveda. The major skin care products are e.g.Fair and Handsome, Boroplus etc. Fair and Handsome continued its brand category dominance in the Middle East and the sub-continent; Boroplus maintained its dominance in India, Russia, Ukraine and Nepal. New products (Boroplus Winter Lotion and Emami Malai Kesar Soap) and new product variants (Navratna Oil) were launched. Price Emami has set the prices which are reachable to people of all economic status , and the products are available in wide variety of volumes e.g. Fair and handsome is available in SKUs of 7 ml, 12 ml, 30 ml and 60 ml. Place Emami has a good distribution network. The vast network includes over 4, 25,000 retail outlets, 2,800 distributors, 1,500 sub-distributors, 30 depots, six regional sales offices Promotion Emami invested Rs. 19,442 lac on advertisement and branding in 2009-10. Emamis products are endorsed by celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Mumbai Indians (Sachin Tendulkar, Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan), Saurav Ganguly, Virendra Sehwag, Madhuri Dixit, Chiranjeevi, Surya, Sunny Deol and others SWOT Analysis Strength: Distribution Network- Emamis products are available in 4,25,000 Indian retail outlets and 65 countries. Strong reach in rural india Celebrity ambassadors- Emamis products are endorsed by celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan,Kareena Kapoor Advertisement Spent- Emami invested Rs. 19,442 lac on advertisement and branding in 2009-10 Advertising spend, as a proportion of the total revenues, was 18.7% in 2009-10 against 19.3% in 2008-09 Innovation- Emamis Fair and Handsome created mans fairness as new category of skincare products in India Fiscally Efficient- Nearly 56.1 % of Emamis revenue were derived from tax exempted locations in 2009-10 Certifications- Emamis quality credentials comprise respected certifications like cGMP, ISO 14000 and ISO 22000. Weekness: Inability to launch new products Major products based on Ayurved only Opportunities: The growing demand of beauty products provides a good opportunity. Emami can take advantage of already captured greater market share in the Fair and handsome and Boroplus products. Threats: A threat to the Emami is also the growing competition within the field of cosmetic brands. Due to the ongoing addition to the field of cosmetics, there is still the danger that other brands could surpass the profit. Another threat to the Company is the economic downturn that is quite evident in other countries. Such could thus hurt the possibility of higher profit for the company. Problems or delays in integration with Zandus distribution network, positioning and brand building may result in lower profit Fair and Handsome Cream Emami Fair Handsome is positioned as a product for male and portrays a strong male image. The colors used are silver, black and orange, which gives a strong macho look to the product. The pink colour is being avoided. The illustration on the cover page are before and after effects of the cream. It also contains a leaflet of information. This is to make sure that customer is well conversant with the instructions and is satisfied with the product. It was Launched in October 2005; first fairness cream for men in India Competitors- Fair Lovely Menz Active (Hindustan Unilever), Fair One Man (Elder Pharma, Shehnaz Hussain), Nivea for Men Whitening Cream (Nivea) and Set Wet Get Fair (Paras Pharma) Point of Difference- The unique five-power formula helps enhance skin fairness in just four weeks. The formula includes double-strength peptide complex, sunguard, anti-bacplus, stress buster and herbocool. Market Share- enjoys 84% market share in the Rs. 137 cr domestic mens fairness cream market Sales- Sales grew by 27% in 2009-10 Boroplus Antiseptic Cream Aniceptic and curative cream which is ideal for hard weather conditions and minor skin problems Competitors- The brands principal competitor is Boroline. During winters, the brand competes with other winter care products like cold creams, petroleum jelly and lotion etc. Pont of Difference- The presence of ayurvedic elements enhances medicinal and anti-septic features. Market Share- Boroplus accounts for around 74% market share of the Rs. 269-cr boro brand creams in India. Sales- Largest selling antiseptic cream not only in India but also in Ukraine, Russia and Nepal. Sales grew by 15% in FY 10 Boroplus Brand has been ranked 77th in the Brand Equity Zydus Wellness Ltd Segmentation: Everyuth is a brand of Zydus Wellness Ltd ,a pharmaceutical company which caters to a flexible market segment of woment aged between 18 to 35 years. They have a monthly income of Rs 10000 and above and they live in u