Kurds and they are Stateless Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kurds and they are Stateless Nation - Essay Example This final element of independence or sovereignty is definitive of the modern conception of a state and makes the ultimate difference between being a state and being stateless. It is a common misconception to regard a nation and a state as synonymous but this is a product of a statist bias which gives partiality to recognized states over stateless nations including national minorities. There must be recognition of the presence of a plurality of states in relation to â€Å"stateless nations and their diaspora† (Baubock 310). The stability of states is an important aspect in ensuring the peace and order within a nation. The history of a state must be well-defined and transcend the co-existing history of certain regimes. This will provide for a thorough grasp to differentiate regimes from the actual state. Boundaries are equally susceptible in determining stability as those in power are usually the ones who impose themselves to take over public office. Support from the internatio nal community is necessary in order to preserve territorial integrity. Frequently, it is those states recognized in international affairs that enjoy support from other nations (Meadwell 273). The reality of the existence of substates that configure the entire dimension of understanding what a state is has been around for many generations. Most have been cultivated and subsisted for generations that dates back even prior to the establishment of the state as recognized in international world affairs. The comprehension of nationalism and belongingness cannot be delineated to a clear sense of limiting nationality to the constrictive term as defined by the United Nations in its quest to avoid statelessness. This was extensively discussed by the body of nations through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) to tackle the problems that are encountered by refugees in conflicted areas (Balaton-Chrimes 2). But this concentrates on a more personal level through a discourse in the dilemmas encountered by individuals because of their condition as stateless. In a broader sense, nationalism entails a certain degree of belongingness and a commonality in culture and identity that simply declaring one to be a citizen of a particular country by birth or by blood does not equate to its full appreciation by the essence of what it implicates. This recognition from the international community gives the very life to the existence of the state. It also provides the creation of a country and its consequent statehood as well as affords it the capacity to partake in the international forum and exercise its rights as a nation. On the contrary, without the elements to make up a state certain groups that fundamentally comprise a state become dubbed as stateless for comparative purposes. These groups of people who generally have a stake in a particular territorial portion and with accompanying leaders lack sovereignty because they have no independence and are often assimilat ed in recognized states. This is where the Kurds as a stateless nation has been enduring their status as a massive group of people moving toward the elusive autonomy that they have been elusively seeking for decades and had made them among the most pronounced stateless nation in the world. The Kurds have been

Nuclear Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nuclear Power - Essay Example Several countries have presented diverging views on the use of nuclear energy owing to its volatile nature. Nuclear energy is the single most powerful source of energy with the ability of powering the entire world effortlessly (Gibson 23). The discovery of the nuclear energy therefore presents both advantages and disadvantages in equal measure. During the debates, the proponents of the continued use of the nuclear energy based their argument on the ability of the energy source to single handedly replace all other sources of energy thereby saving the world economy. While their argument sounded realistic, such people failed to consider the numerous disadvantages of the use of nuclear energy. Liberal debates give both sides to a discussion thereby determining the winning side based on the number of points that each side earns. The most realistic argument therefore is the immediate abolition of any nuclear related activity. Nuclear has greater potential than any country can possibly mana ge. This therefore makes the world unsafe; some of the arguments to this effect are below. The ongoing debate globally is the climatic change and the effects of global warming. All these are results of pollution of the atmosphere arising from the increasing use of fossil energy that produce a lot of carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that reacts extensively with the ozone layer thereby depleting it. The invention of the nuclear energy therefore presents an opportunity of overturning the events preceding the depletion of the ozone layer possibly resulting in a safer and more stable world. The fact that the world consumes billions of gallons of petroleum products daily equals the extensive nature of the pollution of the environment thereby making the world increasingly unsafe. Several international environmental bodies such as the Kyoto protocol have tried convincing different countries to emit more carbon monoxide gasses into the environment. A debate that the developed countries such as the United States of America, Japan and China strongly oppose owing to the fact that such policies may hamper their economies. Nuclear energy is clean and renewable implying that it is not possibly exhaustible. It is therefore the only single source energy capable of sustaining the world’s economies while still maintaining the clean healthy environment. Despite the evident advantages of the use of nuclear energy, its use still requires extensive regulation even possible abolition. The widespread lack of trust makes no country safe enough to use nuclear energy. Nuclear is highly unstable yet with great potential, this implies that it requires greater capital for installation and maintenance in order to develop a safer environment for its effective use. Exposure of the nuclear elements in the environment results in immediate reaction to the elements in the environment thereby resulting in mass destruction and loss of lives. Japan, which is the most developed country in the e astern bloc, had all the financial resources to safeguard the use of nuclear as a source of energy (Adams 12). The country took every precaution including the development of an underground laboratory from where the volatile they handled the instable substance. However, the country did not consider the possibility of a natural disaster such as an earthquake. The earthquake that shook the ocean bed therefore broke the tanks in which they

Rare Earth Doped Upconverting Nanoparticles

Rare Earth Doped Upconverting Nanoparticles Rare Earth Doped Upconverting Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application in Bio-Imaging Nidhi Malviya1, Vinita Rajput Chouhan1, Sudeshna Ray2 ABSTRACT Upconversion luminescence, a nonlinear process, which re-emits a photon at a shorter wavelength by the absorption of more than one photon, successively at longer wavelengths via long-lived intermediate energy states, is useful for important applications in various fields like fluorescence bio-imaging and lasers. This NIR-to-NIR up-conversion process provides deeper light penetration into biologicalspecimen and results in high contrast optical imaging due to absence of an auto fluorescence background and decreased light scattering. Excitation at long wavelengths also minimizes damage to biological materials. Herein, we report the different mechanisms responsible for the Upconversion process of rare-earth (Er3+, Ho3+, Tm3+) doped nanoparticle and methods that are used to synthesize and decorate up converting nanoparticle. I INTRODUCTION Upconversion is an optical process that involves the conversion of lower-energy photons into higher-energy photons. It has been extensively studied since mid-1960s and widely applied in optical devices. Over the past decade, high-quality rare earth-doped Upconversion Nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized with the rapid development of nanotechnology and are becoming more prominent in biological sciences. The main difference between Upconversion Nanoparticles and other nonmaterial’s is that they can emit visible light under near infrared irradiation. Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNPs), particularly lanthanide-doped nanocrystals, which emit high energy photons under excitation by the near-infrared (NIR) light, have found potential applications in many fields, including biomedicine and is found improved tissue penetration and higher photochemical stability as compared with traditional down-conversion fluorescence imaging. The unique Upconversion process of UCNPs may be u tilized to activate photosensitive therapeutic agents for applications in cancer treatment. Upconversion luminescence imaging in vivo is expected to be the next generation photoluminescence imaging technique since it provides high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Due to their multicolour emission, high brightness and long lifetime, lanthanide ions based luminescent nonmaterial have tremendous promise as indicators and photon sources for numerous application such as boilable, light-emitting devices, sensor technology, and low-threshold lasers. So it is very important to successfully prepare the rare-earth doped inorganic nanocrystals with good dispensability in organic solvents. The Up conversion phenomenon has been transition metals, actinides, but mainly in the rare earth elements, which contain the lanthanide (Ln) series, Yttrium, and scandium. Ln3+ ions heave special 4fn 5d0-1inner shell configurations that are well – shielded by outer shell and have unique energy level structures. These Ln3+ ions can exhibit sharp luminescence emission via intra-4f or 4f-5d transitions. Their luminescence properties, as narrow bandwidth, long-time emission, and anti-stokes emission, have been widely applied in lasers, solar cell, analytical sensors, optical imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Most fluorescent materials, including dye molecules, quantum dots, and dye-doped silica/gold nanomaterials, emit light by the down conversion process (emitting lower-energy photons under higher-energy irradiation). Although the uses of a conventional organic dye molecule or quantum dot (QD) based biomarker have achieved significant progress in real-time detection and bio imaging, they still have drawbacks. These fluorescent materials are generally excited by ultraviolet (UV) or visible light, which may induce auto fluorescence and photo damage to biological samples, resulting in low signal-to-noise ratio and limited sensitivity. These limitations prompted the development of a new type of high-quality and well-shaped nonmaterial’s known as up conversion nonmaterial’s (UCNs [1-7]. Lanthanide-doped Upconversion (UC) nanophosphors are promising optical contrast agents for biomedical applications due to their photo stability, sharp emission peaks, and long emission lifetime [8, 9]. Upon near infrared (NIR) excitation, UC nanoparticle exhibit intense visible emission via multiphoton processes involving the lanthanide ions within them [10-12]. For in vitro or in vivo imaging, the use of NIR excitation minimizes absorbance, scattering, and fluorescence from cells and tissues, allowing imaging against a dark background [13]. In contrast, commercially available labels, such as organic dyes and quantum dots, typically must be imaged against a background of Stokes-shifted tissue autofluorescence induced by UV, blue, or green excitation[14]. In addition, because of the existence of real intermediate energy levels in lanthanide ions, this Upconversion process can be much more efficient than in conventional multiphoton-absorption-induced fluorescence of organic dyes or qua ntum dots, where the intermediate levels are virtual. Bio-imaging is a term that covers the complex chain of acquiring, processing and visualizing structural or functional images of living objects or systems, including extraction and processing of image-related information. II MOTIVATION OF MY WORK Lanthanide-doped upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles (UCNPs), which can be excited by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation to emit multiplex light, have been proven to be very useful for in vitro and in vivo molecular imaging studies. In comparison with the conventionally used down-conversion fluorescence imaging strategies, the NIR light excited luminescence of UCNPs displays high photostability, low cytotoxicity, little background auto-fluorescence, which allows for deep tissue penetration, making them attractive as contrast agents for biomedical imaging applications. In this review, we will mainly focus on the latest development of a new type of lanthanide-doped UCNP material and its main applications for in vitro and in vivo molecular imaging and we will also discuss the challenges and future perspectives. New materials with high Biocompatibility and more intense emission spectra are needed to be developed so for deep tissue imaging. III CONCLUSION The past decade a large number of scientists have investigated the potential application of UCNPs in bioimaging. Lim et al. firstly reported the use of UCNPs as in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans imaging agent. Along with the fast developement of UCNPs for biological applications. UCNPs have also been applied contrasts agents in positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computer tomography (CT) for in vitro and in vivo multimodal imaging. Futhermore, UCNPs could also be combined with anti-cancer drugs, photosensitizers or gold nanostructures for potential therapeutic application. Up to now, a variety of Upconversion nanophosphors have been developed for bioimaging, and most of them are based on rare earth doped NaYF4. Other kinds of RE doped nanoparticles, such as NaGdF4, NaLaF4, Y2O3, GdF3, CeO2, LiNaF4, Ca3(PO4)2, ZrO2 and GdOF etc. have al so been considered as excellent UCNPs in recent years due to their strong Upconversion luminescence intensity an d good photostability. REFERENCES F. Auzel, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 139; F. Wang, X Liu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 976; D. K. Chatterjee, M. K. Gnanasammandhan, Y. Zhang, Small 2010, 6, 278 M. Haase, H. Schafer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5808. D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, Y. Zhang, Biomaterials 2008, 29, 937 J. Zhou, Y. Sun, X. Du, L. Xiong, H. Hu, F. Li, Biomaterials 2010, 31, 3287; L. Xiong, T. Yang, Y. Yang, C. Xu, F. Li, Biomate ­rials 2010, 31, 7078. Wu SW, Han G, Milliron DJ, Aloni 8 S, Altoe V, Talapin DV, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106: 10917-21. doi:DOI 10.1073/pnas.0904792106. Mai H-X, Zhang Y-W, Si R, Yan Z-G, Sun L-d, You L-P, et al. J Am Chem Soc. 2006; 128: 6426. doi:10.1021/ja060212h. Boyer J-C, Cuccia LA, Capobianco JA. Nano Letters. 2007; 7: 847-52. doi:10.1021/nl070235 Heer S, Kà ¶mpe K, Gà ¼del HU, Haase M..Advanced Materials. 2004; 16: 2102-5. doi:10.1002/adma.200400772. Chen GY, Ohulchanskyy TY, Kumar R, Agren H, Prasad PN. ACS Nano. 2010; 4: 3163-8. doi:Doi 10.1021/Nn100457j. Nyk M, Kumar R, Ohulchanskyy TY, Bergey EJ, Prasad PN. Nano Letters. 2008; 8: 3834-8. doi:10.1021/nl802223f. Wang M, Mi CC, Wang WX, Liu CH, Wu YF, Xu ZR, et al.. ACS Nano. 2009; 3: 1580-6. doi:Doi 10.1021/Nn900491j.

Good vs. Evil in Kipling’s Rikki-Tikki-Tavi Essay -- Rikki-Tikki-Tavi

Good vs. Evil in Kipling’s Rikki-Tikki-Tavi Kipling’s Rikki Tikki Tavi has all the necessary parts of a battle story. It is full of battles, war tactics, good, evil, motive, song, and drama. A battle story needs a gripping introduction, one that hints at the battles to come and one that brings the reader in with an exciting anticipation. This story first begins with a poem of the brave Rikki Tikki angrily chasing death with a lust to kill. It right away shows the necessary bravery and strength of the protagonist/hero and the might and evil of the antagonist. The lines like†¦ Eye to eye and head to head This shall end when one is dead †¦start the book with the promise of great fights between two great forces. The first paragraph is also cleverly written to further exaggerate the greatness of the hero and the battles that he has won. This is the story of the great war that Rikki tikki tavi fought single handed, through the bathrooms of the big bungalow in Segowlee cantonment After the introduction the plot begins by bringing the hero Rikki to the setting by a coincidental occurrence. His home is flooded and he is washed away and near death when a family finds him and nurses him to health. Again here Kippling shows the bravery of the hero, â€Å"It is the hardest thing in the world to frighten a mongoose.† Rikki Tikki is thankful to the family and like all good heroes he is loyal and decides to protect them. Then enters evil, which creates the conflict for which all battling and killing takes place in battle stories. Rikki is exploring the yard one-day and discovers two birds mourning the loss of an egg that was eaten by the evil snakes ruling the jungle. Just then the head snake Nag appears. Rikki already dislikes him as he is good-natured and loyal like all good heroes and Nag ofcourse has eaten his friend’s egg. This is a very important scene, the introduction of the antagonists. Nag is introduced with a boisterous â€Å"I am Nag. The great God Brahm put his mark upon all our people, when the first cobra spread his hood to keep the sun off Brahm as he slept. Look, and be afraid!† And Rikki was afraid, â€Å"for the minute; but it is impossible for a mongoose to stay frightened for any length of time.† Then out of no where the first real action of the story takes place, â€Å"’Behind you! Look behind you!’ sang Darzee† as Nagaina, Nag’s equally evil wife attempts ... ...nd goes down with her. This is the climax of the story; it is very suspenseful. Using phrases like â€Å"and very few mongooses, however wise and old they may be care to follow a cobra into its hole;† Kippling lines the hole with exaggerations and depictions to increase this already thick suspense. All the animals assume he is dead, similar to countless action movies where there is an explosion and the hero is thought dead, but like in those movies the hero comes out to the amazement and joy of all and there again is much celebrating. And so the book ends on the happy note of Darzee’s glorious battle song of Rikki’s tale. The story followed exactly the guidelines of a battle story; its plot, descriptions, characters, motives, and action are all proof of this. While reading I noticed that the story, if edited slightly could be confused as a story of humans fighting in the jungle. The names mongoose, snake, and bird sound like the code names we give our pilots and fighters. Also Rikki has special training and tactics in killing snakes as if he were a trained soldier. In conclusion, Kippling’s Rikki Tikki Tavi can possibly best be described as a classic war tale of good vs. evil.

Member of Parliament Essay

Delegation is to give another person authority and responsibility of a certain task that you would normally do yourself but you still take accountability for the outcome. In order to delegate effectively you need to first decide what tasks to delegate. You need to track what you can delegate by making a list of tasks that you do and from this the things that you can give to others. It is a more cost effective way of giving others responsibility rather than hiring someone else to do the work. Planning is essential when you are delegating. You need to identify the individual’s knowledge on the task, the skills they have to do it efficiently. Give them control of the task completely but follow it up regularly by meetings and asking them how it is going, what is going good and what they need help on. Communication between the other person and you has to be very clear and precise. You should have their full attention. They need to have a clear understanding of what needs to be done and by when. SMART objectives need to be set for them and discuss the standard that you expect from them. Ask them how they will do it and what help you can give them in the task. Give them reassurance, confidence, offer them your support and appreciate them. Believe in them. When delegating tasks there are several levels of delegation to consider. Everyone is different, not everyone can handle or respond well to certain styles. A good manager knows which level to use with each member of staff when assigning a task. Level 1- this is when the manager asks the staff member to look into the situation, get all the facts needed and come back to him/her. The decision of what to do is made by the manager. This type of delegation is usually used for new employees who have no experience in the business. It is also used when you cannot physically do it yourself as you are handling quite a few other things at the same time. For example, at SS during a busy patch at lunch time, if there is a customer who comes in who has problems with his glasses. You cannot see him as you are already dealing with two other customers. You ask a member of staff to check the glasses thoroughly, find out what problem they are having by getting all the facts from the customer. You have delegated this task out to that member of staff but you make the final decision on what should be done. You control the delegation. Level 2- this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation but also come up with possible solutions to the problem. For example, in the above example, the manager  would have asked the member of staff to come up with reasons why the customer is having problems and ways to fix the problem. However, the final decision is still made by the manager. The manager still controls the delegation. This level offers opportunities for more instruction, coaching, and development of the employees. It is often used for employees who may be changing companies but staying in the same career, so they are familiar with the task but not with the new employer’s working style and requirements. Level 3 –this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and come up with possible solutions. The staff member picks the best solution for the customer but gets the manager to approve before going ahead with it. For example the above mentioned member of staff would have the measurements rechecked by the manager before he remakes the customer’s glasses. The manager still controls the delegation but it conveys more trust and faith in the chosen employee, it also facilitates training, improves the overall experience and increases educational opportunities for the employee. This is a good happy medium for both new and experienced employees and works well in large workplaces where the tasks must be managed properly for structural purposes. Level 4 – this is when the manager asks the member of staff to look into the situation and carry on and finish it till the end of the solution unless he says not to. For example, in the above example, the member of staff would be able to finish it off unless the manager said not to. The staff member controls this type of delegation. It shows a lot of faith and pays a compliment to the staff as to their manager’s level of confidence in their ability to complete the task successfully. It is often left for experienced employees, particularly those who have performed the repeated task successfully in circumstances prior. One problem to this approach is it can also be a source of frustration for an employee who is told they have the expertise and capability to do what is requested the way their manager wants it done, but then if they lack the confidence in their manager to follow through or if something goes wrong, then it makes this person almost entirely accountable. This Level requires trust, rapport, confidence and understanding. Level 5 – this stage is when the managers asks the staff member to complete the task and to report back to him when it is done and what was done. For example in the above situation, the manager will want to know when the problem is sorted and what the member of staff  did to solve it. The manager doesn’t even require a heads-up or check-back before the staff member starts work on the task. Many companies who have experienced staff members use this type of delegation to accomplish more. It can also be beneficial for smaller companies who trust in their employees to help them perform at maximum potential. They control the delegation. Level 6 – this is when the manager tells the staff member to take action and follow it up if needed. For example in the above example, the manager gives full authority for that staff member to deal with the customer. He does not get involved at all. This is not only complete freedom, but also the ultimate compliment in terms of a manager’s confidence in the staff member’s ability to complete a task to the manager’s complete satisfaction. When it comes to effective delegation, you cannot just order people around. Each individual is different and responds differently to different styles of delegation, criticism and praise. This means in order to be most effective, and get the best results from staff chosen to have tasks and projects delegated to them, employers must be both creative and knowledgeable when it comes to picking the right person for the right kind of delegated assignment.

My Strengths

The only reason why I can say so much about myself is I take in a lot of feedback from people who know me. Although I know that I should be a person with full self-awareness, I take into account how other people see me so I could improve in areas where I could improve (and when I think it is fair and appropriate) and subsequently lead a better life. It is one good sign of openness to the opportunities that the world can offer – the ability to take criticism, move on and know that there is nothing personal about seeking improvement in what you are doing. My friends, classmates and loved ones have always told me that I have the knack for speaking my own thoughts. I am straightforward and I like expressing my thoughts in a direct manner. I think it is a plus, because people do not really want to waste time guessing what you mean. I live to describe things as I see them, and tell things as they are. I have a great sense of humor. I find it easy to make friends laugh during casual conversations. Sense of humor is a great element in interpersonal communication, specifically in the field of marketing and campaigns. Sense of humor is also good for career-driven people who need to talk to countless people to build an excellent business network. I am also a fast, responsive learner. I am smart when it comes to numbers — it is good for business, I know. I studied in reputable schools, and that gives me an edge over people who did not get to study at all. Although my education is not a reason for bragging, it is a reason to be grateful that I know a lot of things that life outside school will not be able to teach me. I have had several part-time and summer jobs, which honed my alertness, level of customer service understanding, and entrepreneurial side. I am fully aware that every job I’ve done in the past is a lot of the reason why I am the confident person that I am today; it will also form part of who I’m going to be tomorrow, or five years down the line. To sum it up, the major details of my past — in school and in my career, ultimately, in life in general — have helped me become this strong and competent person that I am today. My Weaknesses Like most human beings, I have my own set of weaknesses. I am not tolerant of hunger. When I’m hungry, I eat. I eat peanuts or crackers, I just have to shove some edible and nutritious food down my throat and I’ll be fine. But when I’m hungry, really very hungry, I lose concentration, and experience terrible mood swings. This is the reason why I always have chocolate and crackers in my pocket. One of weaknesses, too is not putting down a book when I started reading. I also do not turn off the DVD player once I decide to watch a TV series-in DVD minimovies. On one hand, it is good that I do not stop doing something when there seems to be nothing going on. On the other hand, it is bad because I should be able to stick to schedule and I’ve got to have the courage to turn off the television when I have to, whether I’m being slaved over by my boss. Why an Employer Should Hire Me An employer should hire me because my whole life has been a preparation for a job that would make me extremely competent as an employee. An employer should hire me because I am a very fast learner and I am an excellent team player. At the same time, I am independent. You can leave me here and I’ll be fine. I will ask a few questions but that’s that. I won’t ask for spoon-feeding because I like the idea that I’m leaning in an unsupervised environment. An employer should hire me because I will take care of his business as if it’s my own. (It will spell a lot of difference.) The many mistakes that have occurred in many businesses and contacts before include their team’s unsupportive nature. I am excellent story-teller. I will make a socially-aware potential Mr. Mc Donanld? Â   Â   Â